vim

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版本六

Global

* :h[elp] keyword - open help for keyword
* :sav[eas] file - save file as
* :clo[se] - close current pane
* :ter[minal] - open a terminal window
* K - open man page for word under the cursor

Tip Run vimtutor in a terminal to learn the first Vim commands.

Cursor movement

* h - move cursor left
* j - move cursor down
* k - move cursor up
* l - move cursor right
* H - move to top of screen
* M - move to middle of screen
* L - move to bottom of screen
* w - jump forwards to the start of a word
* W - jump forwards to the start of a word (words can contain punctuation)
* e - jump forwards to the end of a word
* E - jump forwards to the end of a word (words can contain punctuation)
* b - jump backwards to the start of a word
* B - jump backwards to the start of a word (words can contain punctuation)
* % - move to matching character (default supported pairs: '()', '{}', '[]' - use `:h matchpairs` in vim for more info)
* 0 - jump to the start of the line
* ^ - jump to the first non-blank character of the line
* $ - jump to the end of the line
* g\_ - jump to the last non-blank character of the line
* gg - go to the first line of the document
* G - go to the last line of the document
* 5gg or 5G - go to line 5
* fx - jump to next occurrence of character x
* tx - jump to before next occurrence of character x
* Fx - jump to previous occurence of character x
* Tx - jump to after previous occurence of character x
* ; - repeat previous f, t, F or T movement
* , - repeat previous f, t, F or T movement, backwards
* } - jump to next paragraph (or function/block, when editing code)
* { - jump to previous paragraph (or function/block, when editing code)
* zz - center cursor on screen
* Ctrl + e - move screen down one line (without moving cursor)
* Ctrl + y - move screen up one line (without moving cursor)
* Ctrl + b - move back one full screen
* Ctrl + f - move forward one full screen
* Ctrl + d - move forward 1/2 a screen
* Ctrl + u - move back 1/2 a screen

**Tip** Prefix a cursor movement command with a number to repeat it. For example, 4j moves down 4 lines.

### Insert mode - inserting/appending text

* i - insert before the cursor
* I - insert at the beginning of the line
* a - insert (append) after the cursor
* A - insert (append) at the end of the line
* o - append (open) a new line below the current line
* O - append (open) a new line above the current line
* ea - insert (append) at the end of the word
* Ctrl + h - delete the character before the cursor during insert mode
* Ctrl + w - delete word before the cursor during insert mode
* Ctrl + j - begin new line during insert mode
* Ctrl + t - indent (move right) line one shiftwidth during insert mode
* Ctrl + d - de-indent (move left) line one shiftwidth during insert mode
* Ctrl + n - insert (auto-complete) next match before the cursor during insert mode
* Ctrl + p - insert (auto-complete) previous match before the cursor during insert mode
* Esc - exit insert mode

### Editing

* r - replace a single character
* J - join line below to the current one with one space in between
* gJ - join line below to the current one without space in between
* gwip - reflow paragraph
* g~ - switch case up to motion
* gu - change to lowercase up to motion
* gU - change to uppercase up to motion
* cc - change (replace) entire line
* C - change (replace) to the end of the line
* c$ - change (replace) to the end of the line
* ciw - change (replace) entire word
* cw - change (replace) to the end of the word
* s - delete character and substitute text
* S - delete line and substitute text (same as cc)
* xp - transpose two letters (delete and paste)
* u - undo
* U - restore (undo) last changed line
* Ctrl + r - redo
* . - repeat last command

### Marking text (visual mode)

* v - start visual mode, mark lines, then do a command (like y-yank)
* V - start linewise visual mode
* o - move to other end of marked area
* Ctrl + v - start visual block mode
* O - move to other corner of block
* aw - mark a word
* ab - a block with ()
* aB - a block with {}
* at - a block with \<\> tags
* ib - inner block with ()
* iB - inner block with {}
* it - inner block with \<\> tags
* Esc - exit visual mode

**Tip** Instead of b or B one can also use ( or { respectively.

### Visual commands

* \> - shift text right
* \< - shift text left
* y - yank (copy) marked text
* d - delete marked text
* ~ - switch case
* u - change marked text to lowercase
* U - change marked text to uppercase

### Registers

* :reg[isters] - show registers content
* "xy - yank into register x
* "xp - paste contents of register x
* "+y - yank into the system clipboard register
* "+p - paste from the system clipboard register

**Tip** Registers are being stored in ~/.viminfo, and will be loaded again on next restart of vim.

**Tip** Special registers:

 0 - last yank
 " - unnamed register, last delete or yank
 % - current file name
 \# - alternate file name
 \* - clipboard contents (X11 primary)
 + - clipboard contents (X11 clipboard)
 / - last search pattern
 : - last command-line
 . - last inserted text
 - - last small (less than a line) delete
 = - expression register
 \_ - black hole register

### Marks and positions

* :marks - list of marks
* ma - set current position for mark A
* `a - jump to position of mark A
* y`a - yank text to position of mark A
* `0 - go to the position where Vim was previously exited
* `" - go to the position when last editing this file
* `. - go to the position of the last change in this file
* `` - go to the position before the last jump
* :ju[mps] - list of jumps
* Ctrl + i - go to newer position in jump list
* Ctrl + o - go to older position in jump list
* :changes - list of changes
* g, - go to newer position in change list
* g; - go to older position in change list
* Ctrl + ] - jump to the tag under cursor

**Tip** To jump to a mark you can either use a backtick (`) or an apostrophe ('). Using an apostrophe jumps to the beginning (first non-black) of the line holding the mark.

### Macros

* qa - record macro a
* q - stop recording macro
* @a - run macro a
* @@ - rerun last run macro

### Cut and paste

* yy - yank (copy) a line
* 2yy - yank (copy) 2 lines
* yw - yank (copy) the characters of the word from the cursor position to the start of the next word
* y$ - yank (copy) to end of line
* p - put (paste) the clipboard after cursor
* P - put (paste) before cursor
* dd - delete (cut) a line
* 2dd - delete (cut) 2 lines
* dw - delete (cut) the characters of the word from the cursor position to the start of the next word
* D - delete (cut) to the end of the line
* d$ - delete (cut) to the end of the line
* x - delete (cut) character

### Indent text

* \>\> - indent (move right) line one shiftwidth
* \<\< - de-indent (move left) line one shiftwidth
* \>% - indent a block with () or {} (cursor on brace)
* \>ib - indent inner block with ()
* \>at - indent a block with \<\> tags
* 3== - re-indent 3 lines
* =% - re-indent a block with () or {} (cursor on brace)
* =iB - re-indent inner block with {}
* gg=G - re-indent entire buffer
* ]p - paste and adjust indent to current line

### Exiting

* :w - write (save) the file, but don't exit
* :w !sudo tee % - write out the current file using sudo
* :wq or :x or ZZ - write (save) and quit
* :q - quit (fails if there are unsaved changes)
* :q! or ZQ - quit and throw away unsaved changes
* :wqa - write (save) and quit on all tabs

### Search and replace

* /pattern - search for pattern
* ?pattern - search backward for pattern
* \\vpattern - 'very magic' pattern: non-alphanumeric characters are interpreted as special regex symbols (no escaping needed)
* n - repeat search in same direction
* N - repeat search in opposite direction
* :%s/old/new/g - replace all old with new throughout file
* :%s/old/new/gc - replace all old with new throughout file with confirmations
* :noh[lsearch] - remove highlighting of search matches

### Search in multiple files

* :vim[grep] /pattern/ {`{file}`} - search for pattern in multiple files

e.g. :vim[grep] /foo/ \*\*/\*

* :cn[ext] - jump to the next match
* :cp[revious] - jump to the previous match
* :cope[n] - open a window containing the list of matches
* :ccl[ose] - close the quickfix window

### Tabs

* :tabnew or :tabnew {page.words.file} - open a file in a new tab
* Ctrl + wT - move the current split window into its own tab
* gt or :tabn[ext] - move to the next tab
* gT or :tabp[revious] - move to the previous tab
* \#gt - move to tab number \#
* :tabm[ove] \# - move current tab to the \#th position (indexed from 0)
* :tabc[lose] - close the current tab and all its windows
* :tabo[nly] - close all tabs except for the current one
* :tabdo command - run the `command` on all tabs (e.g. `:tabdo q` - closes all opened tabs)

### Working with multiple files

* :e[dit] file - edit a file in a new buffer
* :bn[ext] or :bn - go to the next buffer
* :bp[revious] or :bp - go to the previous buffer
* :bd[elete] - delete a buffer (close a file)
* :b\# - go to a buffer by \#
* :b file - go to a buffer by file
* :ls - list all open buffers
* :sp[lit] file - open a file in a new buffer and split window
* :vs[plit] file - open a file in a new buffer and vertically split window
* :vert[ical] ba[ll] - edit all buffers as vertical windows
* :tab ba[ll] - edit all buffers as tabs
* Ctrl + ws - split window
* Ctrl + wv - split window vertically
* Ctrl + ww - switch windows
* Ctrl + wq - quit a window
* Ctrl + wx - exchange current window with next one
* Ctrl + w= - make all windows equal height & width
* Ctrl + wh - move cursor to the left window (vertical split)
* Ctrl + wl - move cursor to the right window (vertical split)
* Ctrl + wj - move cursor to the window below (horizontal split)
* Ctrl + wk - move cursor to the window above (horizontal split)

### Diff

* zf - manually define a fold up to motion
* zd - delete fold under the cursor
* za - toggle fold under the cursor
* zo - open fold under the cursor
* zc - close fold under the cursor
* zr - reduce (open) all folds by one level
* zm - fold more (close) all folds by one level
* zi - toggle folding functionality
* ]c - jump to start of next change
* [c - jump to start of previous change
* do or :diffg[et] - obtain (get) difference (from other buffer)
* dp or :diffpu[t] - put difference (to other buffer)
* :diffthis - make current window part of diff
* :dif[fupdate] - update differences
* :diffo[ff] - switch off diff mode for current window

**Tip** The commands for folding (e.g. za) operate on one level. To operate on all levels, use uppercase letters (e.g. zA).

**Tip** To view the differences of files, one can directly start Vim in diff mode by running vimdiff in a terminal. One can even set this as git difftool.